Assessment of bacteriological contamination in coin currency in circulation

• Pooja Dilip Taiwade,  
• Titirsha Kayal,  
• Dilip Gedam,*  
• PRASHANT MESHRAM,  
• Swati Bhise

Abstract

Background: The primary aim of this study was to identify the bacterial contaminants present on Indian currency coins, characterize the different types of bacteria isolated, and assess the antimicrobial resistance patterns of the bacteria within the Nagpur region of Maharashtra, India. Determining the isolation and identification of the various pathogens on coin surfaces is essential for addressing the potential spread of diseases through handling currency. Material & Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Microbiology at Indira Gandhi Medical College & Hospital, Nagpur, spanning from 2015 to 2024. We collected 120 currency coin samples aseptically from individuals across various occupational groups. The culture and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns were analyzed following standard operating procedures. Results: A total of 50.83% of the coins exhibited bacterial contamination, with Klebsiella spp. identified as the most frequently isolated organism at 13.33%. The highest levels of contamination were found in lower-value coins. Notably, there was a significant decrease in coin contamination during and after the COVID-19 pandemic, likely due to a rise in online monetary transactions. The isolated bacteria demonstrated strong sensitivity to several antibiotics, including Ampicillin, Amikacin, Gentamicin, Ciprofloxacin, Ceftazidime, Cefotaxime, Doxycycline, and Ceftriaxone. Conclusion: The present study finds that Indian currency coins often harbor pathogenic bacteria, especially enteropathogens, which play a significant role in the spread of diseases. It is essential to raise public awareness about the importance of maintaining good personal hygiene when handling coins. By practicing proper hand hygiene and adhering to sound sanitary practices, individuals can greatly reduce the risk of infection, particularly those who handle both food and money at the same time.

Keywords

Bacteria, Contamination, Indian currency