- Visibility 250 Views
- Downloads 257 Downloads
- Permissions
- DOI 10.18231/j.ijmr.65055.1758349124
-
CrossMark
Global and Indian distribution of hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes/sub-genotypes
- Author Details:
-
Vivek Gaur
-
Ajay Singh
-
Amresh Kumar Singh *
-
Sushil Kumar
-
Ankur Kumar
-
Nandini Singh
Vivek Gaur
Amresh Kumar Singh *
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a serious global public health concern in the modern era. It was estimated around 2 billion individuals throughout world are affected with HBV and 350 million of them suffers from a chronic infection. India is the most broadly diversified nation in identity and social distribution. Furthermore, high endemic migrations, high birth rate and drug abuse are the reasons particularly important contributors to enhance the epidemiology of HBV, particularly in comparison to the eastern and northern regions of India.
HBV genotypes A, D and C have been well defined from different parts of India. However, data regarding the molecular epidemiology of HBV in India is still scanty for early prediction of the disease and its severity. This publication reviews the existing information on the genetic diversity of HBV genotypes and subgenotype in India and globally as well as their relationship with the progression of the disease. Furthermore, the HBV epidemiology in different regions of India has been significantly impacted due to the recent increase in improper psychoactive drug usage.
Genotype specific pathophysiology of HBV may result into differential clinical outcomes in chronic patients around the world. Lower rates of spontaneous HBeAg sero-conversion found in patients infected with HBV genotypes C and D. The lifetime risk of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was greater in genotypes C and D than in genotypes A and B. Core promoter and pre-S mutations have been responsible for an increased risk of HCC.
References
- Al-Sadeq DW, Taleb SA, Zaied RE, Fahad SM, Smatti MK, Rizeq BR, et al. Hepatitis B Virus Molecular Epidemiology, Host-Virus Interaction, Co-infection, and Laboratory Diagnosis in the MENA Region: An Update. Pathogens. 2019;8(2):63.
- World Health Organization. Global hepatitis report 2024: Action for access in low- and middle-income countries. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2024. Availabl e from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240091672.
- World Hepatitis Alliance. Global Hepatitis Report [Internet]. 2024 [cited 2024 May 6]. Available from: https://www.worldhepatitisalliance.org/wp- content/uploads/2024/07/WHA-Global-Hepatitis- Report_FINAL.pdf.
- Lavanchy D. Hepatitis B virus epidemiology, disease burden, treatment, and current and emerging prevention and control measures. J Viral Hepat. 2004;11(2):97–107.
- Lin CL, Kao JH. Hepatitis B virus genotypes and variants. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2015;5(5):a021436.
- Kriti D, Ahmed SO, Shaikh GK, Maham. Hepatitis in India: challenges, efforts, and recommendations. Int J Surg Glob Health. 2023;6(2):e118.
- National Centre for Disease Control. National Program for Surveillance of Viral Hepatitis: Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C. Fact sheet 2021 [Internet]. New Delhi: National Centre for Disease Control; 2021. Available from: https://nvhcp.mohfw.gov.in/common_libs/Approved%20factsheet_ 4_10_2021.pdf.
- Ganem D, Schneider RJ. Hepadnaviridae and Their Replication. In: Knipe DM, Howley PM, Griffin DE, Martin MA, Lamb RA, Roizman B, et al., editors. Fields Virology. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven Publishers; 2001
- Lin CL, Kao JH, Chen BF, Chen PJ, Lai MY, Chen DS. Application of hepatitis B virus genotyping and phylogenetic analysis in intrafamilial transmission of hepatitis B virus. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41(11):1576–81.
- Patel A, Dossaji Z, Gupta K, Roma K, Chandler TM, Minacapelli CD, et al. The Epidemiology, Transmission, Genotypes, Replication, Serologic and Nucleic Acid Testing, Immunotolerance, and Reactivation of Hepatitis B Virus. Gastro HepAdvances. 2024;3(2):139–50.
- Sunbul M. Hepatitis B virus genotypes: global distribution and clinical importance. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20(18):5427–34.
- Kumar R, Singh J. Genetic Diversity of HBV Genotypes/Subgenotypes and Their Correlation with Disease Progression. Euroasian Journal of Hepato-Gastroenterology. 2011;1(2):53–67.
- Liu Z, Zhang Y, Xu M, Li X, Zhang Z. Distribution of hepatitis B virus genotypes and subgenotypes: A meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2021;100(50):e27941.
- Fletcher GJ, Eapen CE, Abraham P. Hepatitis B genotyping: The utility for the clinicians. Indian J Gastroenterol. 2020;39(4):315–
- Ismail MA, Puhazhenthi KS, Sivakumar J, Eapen CE, Kannangai R, Abraham P. Molecular epidemiology and genetic characterization of hepatitis B virus in the Indian subcontinent. Int J Infect Dis. 2014;20:1–10.
- Pacholi S, Bishwal SC, Barde PV. Identification of hepatitis B virus genotypes detected in Lahaul & Spiti district of Himachal Pradesh, India. Indian J Med Res. 2022;156(6):779–85.
- Kafeero HM, Ndagire D, Ocama P, Kato CD, Wampande E, Walusansa A, et al. Mapping hepatitis B virus genotypes on the African continent from 1997 to 2021: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):5723.
- Chen J, Li L, Yin Q, Shen T. A review of epidemiology and clinical relevance of Hepatitis B virus genotypes and subgenotypes. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol. 2023;47(7):102180.
- Reuter TQ, Gomes-Gouvea M, Chuffi S, Duque UH, Carvalho JA, Perini W, et al. Hepatitis B virus genotypes and subgenotypes and the natural history and epidemiology of hepatitis B. Ann Hepatol. 2022;27(Suppl 1):100574.
- Potter BI, Thijssen M, Trovão NS, Pineda-Peña A, Reynders M, Mina T, et al. Contemporary and historical human migration patterns shape hepatitis B virus diversity. Virus Evol. 2024;10(1):veae009.
- Lin S, Liu C, Shang H, Chen H, Yang B, Chen J, et al. HBV serum markers of 49164 patients and their relationships to HBV genotype in Fujian Province of China. J Clin Lab Anal. 2013;27:130–6.
- Pourkarim MR, Amini-Bavil-Olyaee S, Kurbanov F, Van Ranst M, Tacke F. Molecular identification of hepatitis B virus genotypes/subgenotypes: revised classification hurdles and updated resolutions. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20(23):7152–68.
- Thijssen M, Trovão NS, Mina T, Maes P, Pourkarim MR. Novel hepatitis B virus subgenotype A8 and quasi-subgenotype D12 in African-Belgian chronic carriers. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;93:98–101.
- Olinger CM, Lazouskaya NV, Eremin VF, Muller CP. Multiple genotypes and subtypes of hepatitis B and C viruses in Belarus: similarities with Russia and western European influences. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2008;14(6):575–81.
- Wolf JM, Simon D, Lunge VR. Hepatitis B virus genotypes in Brazil: Introduction and dissemination. Infect Genet Evol. 2021;93:104936.
- Araujo NM, Teles SA, Spitz N. Comprehensive Analysis of Clinically Significant Hepatitis B Virus Mutations in Relation to Genotype, Subgenotype and Geographic Region. Front Microbiol. 2020;14;11:616023.
- Kyaw YY, Lwin AA, Aye KS, Thu HM, Htun MM, Soe HO, et al. Distribution of hepatitis B virus genotypes in the general population of Myanmar via nationwide study. BMC Infect Dis. 2020;20(1):552.
- Al-Qahtani AA, Pourkarim MR, Trovão NS, Vergote V, Li G, Thijssen M, et al. Molecular epidemiology, phylogenetic analysis and genotype distribution of hepatitis B virus in Saudi Arabia: Predominance of genotype D1. Infect Genet Evol. 2020;77:104051.
- Hannachi N, Fredj NB, Bahri O, Thibault V, Ferjani A, Gharbi J, et al. Molecular analysis of HBV genotypes and subgenotypes in the Central-East region of Tunisia. Virol J. 2010;7:302.
- Zaidi AK, Awasthi S, deSilva HJ. Burden of infectious diseases in South Asia. BMJ. 2004;328(7443):811–5.
- Ray G. Current Scenario of Hepatitis B and Its Treatment in India. J Clin Transl Hepatol. 2017;5(3):277–96.
- Puri P. Tackling the Hepatitis B Disease Burden in India. J Clin Exp Hepatol. 2014;4(4):312–9.
- Kamat SP, Mehta PR, Paranjpe SM, Ingole NA. Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Infection in Liver Disease Patients in Mumbai, India with Special Reference to Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg) Mutant Detection. J Clin Diagn Res. 2014;8(3):19–21.
- Bello KE, Mat Jusoh TNA, Irekeola AA, Abu N, Mohd Amin NAZ, Mustaffa N. et al. A Recent Prevalence of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Genotypes and Subtypes in Asia: A Systematic Review and Meta- Analysis. Healthcare. 2023;11:1011.
- Murhekar MV, Murhekar KM, Sehgal SC. Epidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection among the tribes of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2008;102(8):729–34.
- Bhattacharya H, Parai D, Sahoo SK, Swain A, Pattnaik M, Mohapatra I, et al. Hepatitis B virus infection among the tribal and particularly vulnerable tribal population from an eastern state of India: Findings from the serosurvey in seven tribal dominated districts, 2021–2022. Front Microbiol. 2023;14:1039696.
- Mudur G. Research finds high hepatitis B rate in Indian island tribes. BMJ. 2000;321:404.
- Heyer E, Balaresque P, Jobling MA, Quintana-Murci L, Chaix R, Segurel L, et al. Genetic diversity and the emergence of ethnic groups in Central Asia. BMC Genet. 2009;10:49.
- Kumar K, Kumar M, Rahaman SH, Singh TB, Patel SK, Nath G. Distribution of Hepatitis B virus genotypes among healthy blood donors in eastern part of North India. Asian J Transfus Sci. 2011;5(2):144–9.
- Banerjee A, Kurbanov F, Datta S, Chandra PK, Tanaka Y, Mizokami M, et al. Phylogenetic relatedness and genetic diversity of hepatitis B virus isolates in Eastern India. J Med Virol. 2006;78(9):1164–74. 294 Gaur et al. / Indian Journal of Microbiology Research 2025;12(3):287–294
- Koli S, Pallipurath Radhakrishnan AN, Jacob M, Vadivoo S, Chethrapilly Purushothaman GK. Occurrence of hepatitis B virus genotype B and B+C mixed infections in Chennai, South India. Braz J Infect Dis. 2013;17(5):615–6.
- Datta S. An overview of molecular epidemiology of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in India. Virol J. 2008;5:156.
- Khan S, Madan M, Virmani SK. Prevalence of Hepatitis B Virus, Genotypes, and Mutants in HBsAg-Positive Patients in Meerut, India. Iran Biomed J. 2019;23(5):354–61.
- Kumar A, Dwivedi M, Misra SP, Misra V, Narang S, Pandey R, et al. Distribution of hepatitis B virus genotypes and its association with severity of liver disease in patients with chronic hepatitis B in uttar pradesh, India. Indian J Virol. 2011;22(1):24–8.
- Xie C, Lu D. Evolution and diversity of the hepatitis B virus genome: Clinical implications. Virology. 2024;598:110197.
- Lazarevic I. Clinical implications of hepatitis B virus mutations: recent advances. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20(24):7653–64.
- Yano Y, Azuma T, Hayashi Y. Variations and mutations in the hepatitis B virus genome and their associations with clinical characteristics. World J Hepatol. 2015;7(3):583–92.
- Guirgis BS, Abbas RO, Azzazy HM. Hepatitis B virus genotyping: current methods and clinical implications. Int J Infect Dis. 2010;14(11):e941–53.
- Chu CJ, Lok AS. Clinical Significance of Hepatitis B Virus Genotypes. Hepatology. 2002;35(5):1274–6.
- Guettouche T, Hnatyszyn HJ. Chronic hepatitis B and viral genotype: the clinical significance of determining HBV genotypes. Antivir Ther. 2005;10(5):593–604.
- Aljarallah BM. Hepatitis B Genotyping and its Clinical Implications. Saudi J Gastroenterol. 2006;12(3):146–8.
- Chen CH, Lee CM, Lu SN, Changchien CS, Eng HL, Huang CM, et al. Clinical significance of hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes and precore and core promoter mutations affecting HBV e antigen expression in Taiwan. J Clin Microbiol. 2005;43(12):6000–6.
- Fernandes da Silva C, Keeshan A, Cooper C. Hepatitis B virus genotypes influence clinical outcomes: A review. Can Liver J. 2023;6(3):347–52.
- Cao GW. Clinical relevance and public health significance of hepatitis B virus genomic variations. World J Gastroenterol. 2009;15(46):5761–9.
- Kao JH, Chen PJ, Lai MY, Chen DS. Hepatitis B genotypes correlate with clinical outcomes in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Gastroenterology. 2000;118(3):554–9.
- Ni YH, Chang MH, Wang KJ, Hsu HY, Chen HL, Kao JH, et al. Clinical relevance of hepatitis B virus genotype in children with chronic infection and hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology. 2004;127(6):1733–8.