Monkeypox transmission and control strategies in the modern era

• Author Details:   
• Shakthivel C D ^*
• Janane Murugesan
• Gokulavasa Nagarajan
• Alaimagal Ravi
• Bhoopalan Shanmugam
• Aruna Palanisamy

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Monkeypox is a viral infection caused by a double-stranded DNA virus, a member of poxviridae family and the Orthopoxvirus genus. It was first discovered in monkeys in 1958.1970 marked the first human case of monkeypox, and 2022 marked the outbreak. Several countries in central and western Africa have reported cases of monkeypox. Although it is known as "monkeypox," the disease's origin is still unknown. However, the virus may infect humans and be carried by monkeys and rodents from Africa. The Clinical manifestations include fever, lymphadenopathy, and characteristic vesiculopustular rashes. The global outbreak from 2022 to 2024, driven by increased international travel and close human-to-human contact, poses major public health responses, including stricter containment measures, expanded vaccination efforts, and heightened surveillance. Currently, available control strategies include vaccinations like JYNNEOS and ACAM2000, strict isolation protocols, and antiviral treatments such as Tecovirimat. Although it's a low mortality rate, monkeypox poses a significant global health threat due to its potential for sustained transmission. This review discusses epidemiology, pathophysiology, transmission, clinical features, diagnostic methods, and available prevention and treatment strategies for monkeypox. Understanding these aspects is crucial for effective management of future outbreaks.